[조직행동론] Motivation

조직행동론 Organizational Behavior

Chapter. Group development

• Key point
  • everyone is motivated !
  • motivation is an issue of direction and intensity !

<theories of motivation>

동기부여이론 - 5가지의 동기부여이론에 대해 다룹니다.

• need theory
  • basic concepts
    • people have a complex set of needs
    • People are motivated to meet their needss
    • When needs are met, satisfaction is experienced
    • When needs are not met, dissatisfaction is experienced
  • maslow’s hierarchy of needs
    • There is a hierarchy of five needs
    • As each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant
  • alderfer’s ERG theory
    
    • existence, relatedness, growth 생존욕구, 관계욕구, 성장욕구
    • a contemporary perspective 좀 더 현실적인 관점
    • 머슬로의 5단계 욕구이론을 수정 → 개인의 욕구를 3단게로 단순화시킴 하급 단계로부터 상급 단계로만 진행하는 것이 아니라 반대의 방향으로도 이행한다. 생존욕구가 충족되어 상위 욕구인 관계욕구를 추구하다 실패하면, 다시 전 단계인 생존욕구로 이행한다
    • 머슬로는 satisfaction - progression 중심, 앨더퍼는 frustration - regression 요소도 포함
• reinforcement theory
  • People learn from the consequences of their behavior
  • Stimulus - Behavior (response) - Consequence
  • learning mechanisms
    • Positive reinforcement: following a response with something pleasant
    • Negative reinforcement: following a response by termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant
    • punishment: causing an unpleasant condition
    • Non-reinforcement (extinction): eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior
    • SHAPING : Reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior, A complex application of these other learning mechanisms
  • schedules of reinforcement (언제 어떻게 얼마나 자주 해야할까?)
    • continuous : all the time whenever they do same behavior
    • intermittent : from time to time instead of all the time
      • fixed ratio : 자동차 10대 판매시 마다 보너스
      • variable ratio : vending machine in casino
      • fixed interval : christmas bonus, monthly last friday pay check
      • variable interval : pop quiz
• goal setting theory
  • goals define a target for people
  • goals help identify needed amount of intensity
  • goal difficulty : difficult enough goal
  • goal specificity: 좋은아빠, 좋은 시민은 이 관점에서 제대로된 목표가 아님, useless,, end of weekend라는 모호한 단어도 좋지않음, 명확하게 날짜 명시,목표 명시 필요
  • goal acceptance: 목표가 어렵고 명확하더라도,, 사람들이 accept하지 않는다면 의미없음
  • goal commitement: accept에서 더 나아가서 실제 참여

goal setting theory

 

• equity theory
  • people compare their outcomes to their inputs (= basic assumption)
  • people compare their own situation to that of others
  • consequences of equity
    • perceived equity → satisfaction → motivation to maintain outcome to input ratio
  • consequences of inequity

consequences of inequity

 

 

• expectancy theory
  • an integrating theoryintensity is developed logically
  • people choose their direction rationally
  • expectancy theory components
    • expectancy — if i try, will i succeed?
    • instrumentality — if i succeed, what are the consequences?
    • valence — how do i feel about the consequences?
  • model 
  • expanded model
    • organizational factors : 산업인데 회사에서 자금 지원을 안해줘서 나만 낮은 레벨의 버전을 쓰는 등 …
    • personal factors: 컴과전공인데 마케팅을 하는 등,, 경험 부족, 전공부적합 등 ..
    • intrinsic outcomes: 보상을 못 받더라도,, i like my job bcs i make significant contribution
    • additional factors: distributive justice, social equity
      
      

expectancy theory - model

expectancy theory - expanded theory